Virus ini berasal dari keluarga virus togaviridae dan genus rubivirus. Rubella virus can cause serious harm to unborn fetuses of mothers who contract rubella virus within the first trimester. Detection of rubella virusspecific igm by either igm capture elisa or indirect igm elisa is the most common diagnostic test for recent postnatal infection. It is a spherical virus, 50 to 70 nm in diameter, that has a singlestranded positivesense rna genome. It is an enveloped rna virus, with a single antigenic type that does not crossreact. Rubella, also known as german measles or threeday measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. Live attenuated vaccines, available since the late 1960s, are currently in use in roughly half of the countries in the world, including all industrialized countries, although vaccine coverage varies widely. Torch syndrome is a group of diseases that cause problems, some of them serious, in newborn babies. Rubella congenital disorder veterinary medicine free. Gejala rubella muncul 2 sampai 3 minggu sejak terpapar virus, dan dapat berlangsung selama 15 hari. Manual for the laboratorybased surveillance of measles. Pdf rubella spreads around the world and dangerous especially for pregnant women. Immunity following natural infection or vaccination is lifelong.
Rubella in subsaharan africa and sensorineural hearing. Genotypes of rubella virus and the epidemiology of rubella. Backgrounddiscovery the concept behind modern virology can be traced back to adolf mayer, dimitri ivanofsky and martinus beijerinck who, independently in the late 1880s, discovered what was later to be called tobacco mosaic virus tmv. Systematic vaccination against rubella, usually in combination with measles, has eliminated both the congenital and acquired infection from some developed countries. Rubella virus is transmitted by the respiratory route, and initially, it replicates in the nasopharyngeal mucosa and local. Rubella virus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects congenital rubella syndrome. Sixtyeight of the 72 patients tested had rv antibodies.
Kingdom of saudi arabia king saud university college of. The rubella virus genome is 10,000 nucleotides and encodes five protein products, including three virion proteins. However, rubella infection in pregnant women can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, and serious birth defects in an unborn baby known as. In response to recent measles outbreaks, the journal of infectious diseases has curated a special collection of articles dedicated to measles vaccination and elimination, including the supplement global progress toward measles eradication and prevention of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses involved in. Nejm journal watch concise summaries and expert physician commentary that busy clinicians need to enhance patient care. Rubella dapat menyebabkan artritis pada hingga setengah kalangan remaja dan wanita dewasa.
Webmd explains how to spot the signs and prevent sickness. Serologic survey of specific rubella virus igm in the sera of. Measles campak, mumps gondongan, dan rubella adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus dan memiliki dampak berbahaya. For detailed information on laboratory testing for rubella virus and for specific information on specimen. Rubella virus is classified as a togavirus, genus rubivirus. It is most closely related to group a arboviruses, such as eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. This virus is found in the nose or throat of an infected person. The infection is the cause of a serious birth defect known.
Rubella virus is a teratogen that may induce foetal death or congenital rubella syndrome in the newborn. Rubella is a contagious disease caused by the rubella virus ruv that can lead to serious birth defects when women are infected in early pregnancy. When rubella infection occurs during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, serious consequences can result. Selain melalui beberapa cara di atas, virus rubella juga dapat menular dari ibu hamil ke janin yang dikandungnya, melalui aliran darah. Laboratory testing diagnostic tests used to confirm crs include serologic assays and detection of rubella virus. Rubella virus infection and associated factors among. Sufficient e1 gene sequences were obtained from 56 cases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the drc rubella viruses belonged to genotypes 1b, 1e, 1g, and 2b. Most people who get rubella usually have a mild illness. These data contribute to a better understanding of rubella burden and the dynamics of rubella virus circulation in africa.
Rubella is a common mild rash illness caused by rubella virus. Worldwide, over 100 000 babies are born with crs every year. Ruam merah yang bermula di wajah, lalu menyebar ke badan dan tungkai. This report provides the first information on the genotypes of rubella virus circulating in the drc. Virus rubela dapat menyerang bagian saraf atau otak yang kemudian menyerang kulit ditandai dengan timbulnya bercak merah seperti campak biasa. The american society for virology asv, the spanish society for virology sev, the canadian society for virology csv, the italian society for virology sivisv, the australasian virology society avs and more societies are affiliated with viruses and. Rubella virus has a small genome composed of singlestranded rna and produces only. Berikut ini adalah download jurnal gratis yang merupakan kumpulan file dari berbagi sumber tentang jurnal tentang virus rubella pdf yang bisa bapakibu gunakan dan diunduh secara gratis dengan. Measles, or rubeola, is an rna virus, belonging to the morbillivirus genus, which. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution. Pdf distribution and genotypic analysis of rubella virus in west. Under the global vaccine action plan, measles and rubella are targeted for elimination in 5 who regions by 2020. Cacar air biasanya tergolong ringan, tetapi dapat berubah serius jika dialami oleh bayi yang berusia di bawah 12 bulan, remaja, orang dewasa, ibu hamil, dan orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang melemah. Since early 2000 no cases of congenital rubella syndrome have resulted from infections acquired in the united states cdc, 2005, 2017b.
Rubella is a mild viral disease that typically occurs in childhood. Jurnal farmasi klinik indonesia, maret 2015 tersedia online pada. Virus rubella ditransmisikan melalui pernapasan dan mengalami replikasi di nasofaring dan di daerah kelenjar getah bening. Igm antibodies usually become detectable during the first few days of illness and reach a peak about a week after onset. Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection.
At the time of those studies, the hai assay was the gold standard technique for detection of antirubella antibodies. In countries without implementation of vaccination control pro gram, rubella infection is major cause. Antirubella igm were detected using a commercially available quantitative enzyme. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in pediatric new page 2. Virus rubella berbahaya bagi kesehatan net12 youtube. There is no specific treatment for rubella, but the. Congenital hearing loss is the most common symptom of this syndrome, occurring in approximately 60% of crs cases. Measles, mumps, and rubella are vaccinepreventable, viral diseases that have. It is caused by rubella virus, which is an affiliate of the. Persons with rubella are most infectious when rash is erupting, but they can shed virus from 7 days before to 7 days after rash onset.
Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis with rubella virus reference sequences. Rubella is generally a mild disease, but can be very serious in pregnant women because it can harm the unborn baby. Berikut ini adalah download jurnal gratis yang merupakan kumpulan file dari berbagi sumber tentang jurnal penyakit rubella pdf yang bisa bapakibu gunakan dan diunduh secara gratis dengan. As many as 8%% of children with crs developed autism during the rubella epidemic of the 1960s compared to the background rate of about 1 new case per 5000 children. Distribution and genotypic analysis of rubella virus in west java. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome crs when infection occurs early in pregnancy. It is the only togavirus known to be transmitted via the respiratory route, and the disease with which it is associated, rubella or german measles was once ubiquitous in human populations. Rubella virus has many properties which are unique among the togaviruses, which is the reasoning behind its classification within its own genus. This disease is often mild with half of people not realizing that they are infected.
Dalam ruangan tertutup, virus rubella dapat menular ke setiap orang yang berada di ruangan yang sama dengan penderita. History of rubella and rubella vaccination leading to. Although most cases of infection lead to a mild, selflimiting measleslike disease, the real threat arises when rubella virus infects the fetus, particularly during the first trimester, when infection can lead to miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome. Rubella virus is spread from person to person via the respiratory route. Rubella spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Rubella virus is the causative agent of rubella disease or socalled german measles. Low level of awareness and high susceptibility to rubella virus infection especially among the nonimmunized women was confirmed in study area, thus the need for government to strengthen education. Eia is widely available and is more sensitive than other serologic tests. Rubella virus is the only member of the rubivirus genus within the togavirus family. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has. Rubella, sometimes called german measles, is a contagious disease caused by a virus.
Rubella virus is an rna virus that is the sole member of the rubivirus genus, within the togaviridae family 6. All articles will be freely accessible through september 30. Global distribution of rubella virus genotypes volume 9. Rubella is most dangerous for a pregnant womans baby. Pencegahan penyebaran penyakit rubela dan surveilans crs di wilayah endemis. Rubella atau dikenal juga dengan nama cacar jerman virus rubella menyebabkan demam, radang tenggorok, ruam, sakit kepala, dan iritasi mata. Virus rubela wikipedia bahasa indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Rubella infection can affect several organs and cause birth defects that are responsible for congenital rubella syndrome crs. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days. Rubella cases detection through measles surveillance system from. Congenital rubella syndrome crs was discovered in the 1940s, rubella virus was isolated in the early 1960s, and rubella vaccines became available by the end of the same decade. Viremia terjadi antara hari ke5 sampai hari ke7 setelah terpajan virus rubella. Virus yang menyebabkan penyakit ini adalah virus varicella zoster. Epidemiological evaluation of rubella virus infection among pregnant women in ibadan, nigeria. There is no treatment, but the measlesmumpsrubella mmr vaccine can prevent it. It usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. The symptoms of rubella are rather like a mild cold, starting with a slight fever, sore throat.
Jika seorang wanita terjangkit rubella saat sedang hamil, ia dapat mengalami keguguran atau bayinya dapat. Measles collection the journal of infectious diseases. Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. Risk factors for rubella transmission in kuyu district, ethiopia. Synovial fluid samples andor biopsies from 79 patients with various chronic inflammatory joint diseases or traumatic joint injury were tested for rubella virus rv in order to confirm or refute results from other studies that suggested rv as a cause of chronic inflammatory joint disease. Maldonado, in principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases fourth edition, 2012. To assess the seroprevalence of recentacute and past exposure to rubella virus infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women. Rubella virus is the only member of the genus rubivirus and belongs to the family of matonaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of singlestranded rna of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid the molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines. Epidemiology of rubella infection and genotyping of.
The study was conducted in two public hospitals in hawassa city, southern. Rubella is an acute infectious disease characterized by minimal or absent prodromal symptoms, a 3day rash, and generalized lymph node enlargement, paticularly of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes. The rubella virus vaccine, licensed in 1969 and adopted widely in the united states by the early 1980s, led to a dramatic reduction in acquired rubella virus infection and congenital rubella syndrome. Rubella virus is a human virus belonging to the family togaviridae and the sole member of the rubivirus genus. Congenital rubella syndrome an overview sciencedirect. However, the hai could be affected by nonspecific inhibitors of agglutination, producing falsepositive results. Creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike license. Influenza a virus is a highly mutable virus with frequent antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift. The majority of infections occur in children and young adults. Rubella, caused by the rubella virus, is a disease characterized by mild fever and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Who is the lead technical agency responsible for coordination of immunization and surveillance activities supporting all countries to achieve this goal. In 1941, an australian ophthalmologist, norman mcalister gregg, established the relationship between congenital defects and rubella during pregnancy, thus demonstrating the teratogenic potential of the rubella virus. Virus rubela adalah virus yang menyebabkan penyakit rubella atau campak jerman yang menyerang anakanak, orang dewasa, termasuk ibu hamil. The coding region of the rubella virus e1 gene was amplified directly from clinical specimens by reverse transcriptase pcr, and the resulting dna fragments were sequenced.